Essay Chukas/Parah

Rabbi YY Jacobson

• July 14, 2016
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• 8 Tamuz 5776
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  The Mystery of Death: Elie Wiesel's Eulogy for My Father

  The Day Moses' Face Turned Green

  Rabbi YY Jacobson

  • July 14, 2016

  Loss

  This week’s Torah portion, Chukas, has one pervading theme: Loss and death. It begins with the laws for one who came in contact with death and the dead. It continues to tell the story of the death of the unique “trio”—the three siblings who led the Jewish people from slavery to freedom and molded our people during their infancy: Miriam, Aaron, and Moses. The first two pass away in our portion. We never hear from them again. Moses is told in this portion that he will not enter the promised land.

  It is, in many ways, a sad portion. The Jewish people are forced to bid farewell to Miriam, Aaron, and Moses in one week. The three faithful shepherds who guided the people during their formative years are departing.

  And my mind flashes back to one Thursday evening in 1988 when the Lubavitcher Rebbe addressed the opening law of the portion of Chukas. (His passing would occur on the Sunday of Parshas Chukas, on the third of Tamuz, 1994, exactly thirty years ago). One moving idea I will share in the following essay.

  Ashes and water

  At the beginning of the week's portion, we explore what the Sages defined as the most mysterious Mitzvah in Judaism, known as "the mitzvah of the red cow."
  
  In short, the ritual worked like this: A red heifer was slaughtered and burnt, its ashes stored and preserved with much care. If a person or a vessel became spiritually contaminated through contact with a human corpse, fresh water from a spring or a river was mixed with some of the ashes of the red heifer. The ash-water mixture was then sprinkled upon the contaminated human being (or vessel), cleansing him or her from their ritual impurity.
  
  The mystery of this mitzvah is so profound that it inspired the brilliant King Solomon to make the following confession: "I said I would be wise, but it is far from me (1)." The Midrash (2) explains Solomon's words: Through my wisdom, I gained insight into all of the mitzvos of the Torah; but for a comprehension of the mitzvah of the red cow, "I searched, I questioned, I scrutinized, and I discovered that it was far from me (3)."
  
  This explains an anomaly in the opening verses of the portion, where G-d says to Moses "They shall take to you a red cow." Why "to you"? The cow wasn't taken to Moses? The Midrash explains (2) that G-d was essentially telling Moses, "Only to you will I reveal the secret of the red cow; but to everybody else [even King Solomon himself] it will remain a supra-rational decree."
  
  But here is the question. What makes this ash-water sprinkling ritual so enigmatic as to inspire a declaration by King Solomon that he understood all of the mitzvos save for this one? Many other Mitzvos can be seen as equally mysterious. For example, when a Jewish woman culminates her monthly period, she immerses herself in a mikvah, a natural pool of water, which bestows upon her body a profound holiness and purity. Even if the woman showers, it does not suffice; according to Jewish tradition, she must go to the mikvah. Does this make more sense than sprinkling a mixture of ash and water on a contaminated person?
  
  What about the mitzvah of tzitzis, of Jewish men having fringes hanging down from their four-cornered garments? Does this make any sense? And how about the Jewish tradition to shake palm branches, citrons, myrtle branches and willows during the holiday of Sukkos -- why are these rituals any less mysterious than sprinkling a water-ash mixture on the body of a ritually impure person (4)?

  When Moses' face turned green

  A dramatic tradition in Midrash (5) records the following incident:
  
  Throughout the entire Torah, whenever G-d told Moses about a person becoming spiritually impure through contact with a contaminated object or creature (say, a dead weasel), He immediately informed him of the means for purification (6). But there was one exception: When G-d informed Moses that according to Torah law, a person becomes contaminated through contact with a human corpse (7), He did not proceed to present to Moses a means for purification.

  So Moses decided to broach the topic on his own: "Moses said to G-d," the Midrash relates, "Master of the universe, if a person becomes contaminated through a human corpse, how shall he become pure?'" 
  
  G-d remained silent.
  
  "At that moment, Moses' face turned green."
  
  Only much later, says the Midrash, "When G-d reached the section of the red cow, did He say to Moses: 'When I communicated to you the laws of ritual impurity through contact with a human corpse, you asked Me, how can this person become pure, but I did not respond. Now I will give you the answer."
  
  And G-d proceeded to present the entire mitzvah of mixing the ashes of a red cow with fresh water and sprinkling it upon the contaminated human being, this bringing about his or her purification.
  
  When Moses heard this answer, the Midrash continues, he protested and said, "Is this the way to achieve purity"? And G-d responded: "This is the law; it is my decree and there is no existing creature who can comprehend this decree."

  Four questions

  How are we to understand this mysterious exchange between Moses and G-d?
  
  Another few questions come to mind:
  
  1) Why did G-d, following Moses query, remain silent? Since G-d did have an answer and He ultimately did communicate it to Moses, why did He not say it to begin with, instead of allowing Moses to grapple with uncertainty?
  
  2) Why did G-d's silence on this issue trouble Moses so deeply, as to transform the color of this man's unusually dazzling countenance to green (8)? What's the big deal that G-d didn't tell Moses right away how a person who came in contact with a human corpse can return to a state of ritual purity?
  
  One could find worse tragedies that occurred in Moses' life. Yet it was only in this instance that Moses' face turned green! Why such a dramatic emotional response?
  
  3) Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of laws in Judaism are not explicitly stated in the Torah. They are deduced from existing biblical text via a very meticulous and complicated methodology that G-d presented to Moses, known as "the thirteen methods (9)." When G-d refused to present Moses with an answer to his legalistic question, why did Moses not go in search of the answer himself, using the methods G-d had given him to deduce unspecified laws?

  A Rebbe bids farewell to his wife

  It was the evening of March 10, 1988, or 21 Adar 5748. I was a young boy, fifteen years of age, but the words I heard that night remain etched in my memory because of the intense emotion and vulnerability they displayed.
  
  Just thirty days prior to that, the Lubavitcher Rebbe bid farewell to his wife, Rebbetzin Chayah Muskah Schneerson. Married for fifty-nine years and childless, bound together under Stalin's Russia, escaping together from Hitler's Berlin, running as one from the burning flames of Nazi-occupied France, then living together for 47 years in the United States, the Lubavitcher Rebbe and his wife were extremely close.
  
  The Rebbe respected his wife immensely. After her death, during the Shiva, he told the then New York Mayor Ed Kotch that "only G-d could appreciate her true value." The Rebbe's secretary told me that each morning before he went off to his office, the Rebbe would tell his wife what time exactly he would be home. "If the Rebbe saw that he would be delayed even by ten minutes, he would make sure to phone her" (a good lesson for all husbands reading this).

  For close to sixty years, the Rebbe and his wife had their own private Shabbos meals, just the two of them together.  
  
  Right after the Lubavitcher Rebbe would conclude a public address, upon returning to his office, he would phone his wife and tell her that he was doing okay. Needless to say, this attitude was reciprocated by the Rebbetzin to her husband. The Rebbe once shared with his Chicago cardiologist, Dr. Ira Weiss, that the few moments he spent daily with his wife, drinking tea and talking, were invaluable and sacred for him (9*).

  Her sudden passing, in the middle of the night, while visiting the hospital for an examination, profoundly affected the Rebbe. All could see how pained and brokenhearted the Rebbe appeared. But the first time he spoke publicly about his emotions, was only thirty days after her passing, at a weeknight address from his home on President Street in Brooklyn.
  
  The focal point of his talk was the above-recorded Midrashic tale about Moses' exchange with G-d. The following thoughts are based on that address.

  Recovery after loss

  When G-d spoke to Moses of the contamination caused by contact with a human corpse, He was not only referring to the legalistic implications of impurity, namely, that a ritually impure person was prohibited from engaging in certain religious acts (like entering the Holy Temple or eating sacred foods, etc.). G-d was also referring to the psychological, mental, and physical "contamination" that occurs as a result of death (10).
  
  A person who experiences, heaven forbid, the death of a loved one, is forever transformed. Struck by the ultimate loss, a hole is formed in the depth of the survivor's heart, creating a scar, a wound that can never be understood by a stranger.
  
  A friend of mine who lost his mother at a young age once told me, "Not a day goes by in which I don't mourn my mother." This he said to me 22 years after her death.
  
  But unlike other times when G-d spoke to Moses about various forms of mental and psychological contamination, when G-d spoke of the contamination -- the anguish and despair -- caused as a result of human death, He did not mention anything about purification and healing.
  
  So Moses said to G-d: "Master of the universe, if a person becomes contaminated through a human corpse, how shall he become pure?" This was no mere legalistic question on ritual law; it was a cry stemming from an aching heart: How can a person ever recover after real loss, was Moses' question to G-d. Is there life after death for those who stay behind? 
  
  G-d did not answer. He remained silent.
  
  G-d's silence was an answer. G-d was saying that He had no answer.

  Moses is broken

  "At that moment," says the Midrash, "Moses' face turned green."
  
  Moses was devastated. If G-d Himself did not know or did not wish to share the answer to this question, it meant to Moses that death ultimately triumphed over life; that a person can never truly regain his spirit and dignity after suffering a loss. This meant that with the death of a loved one, the survivor also died in some way. He or she could never really live again.
  
  Only much later, says the Midrash, "When G-d reached the section of the red cow, did He say to Moses: 'When I communicated to you the laws of ritual impurity through contact with a human corpse, you asked Me, how can this person become pure, but I did not respond. Now I will give you the answer." And G-d proceeded to present the entire ritual of mixing the ashes of a red cow with fresh water and sprinkling it upon the contaminated human being.
  
  With this mitzvah of the red cow, G-d was not only presenting a technical law on how to remove ritual impurity from the body of a contaminated person; He was presenting a response to death, a recipe for renewal, a roadmap for healing.
  
  And the primary ingredients were mixing black ashes with fresh spring water.

  The Beginning and the End

  What is the secret behind mixing ashes and water?
  
  Ashes are what remain after an object has been cremated and destroyed. Water, on the other hand, represents the commencement of life: A fetus develops in its mother's womb while submerged in water. 60 percent of our bodies are made up of water; 70 percent of each cell is water, and 95 percent of our brains are water. Water embodies the beginning; ashes -- the end. 
  
  Spring water is fresh and vibrant, invigorating an exhausted spirit, quenching a thirsty body, and bringing comfort to a parched soul. Ashes, on the other hand, are dark and bleak, representing feelings of melancholy, dryness and despair. Water represents life; ashes -- death.
   
  G-d was essentially telling Moses about the human duty to mix the ashes of death with the waters of life. A human being, G-d was saying, can learn how to intertwine the end with the beginning, to remember that every end also harbors a new beginning, both for the soul that ended its journey on earth and for the people left behind. Each sunset creates the opportunity for a new dawn.
  
  When Moses heard this answer, the Midrash continues, he protested and said, "Is this the way to achieve purity"? Even after this revelation, Moses could still not come to terms with the reality of a life that was and is no more. To which G-d responds: "This is the law; it is my decree and there is no existing creature who can comprehend this decree."
  
  And even though G-d tells Moses, "To you will I reveal the secret of the red cow," to the rest of humanity it remains a sheer mystery. Nobody could ever put his finger on the paradox of life and death; none can ever feel that he fully closed the lid on the dynamic of death.
  
  That is what King Solomon meant when he spoke of this mitzvah of cleansing a person who came in contact with death and declared, "I said I would be wise, but it is far from me. I searched, I questioned, I scrutinized, and I discovered that it was far from me." Of course, intellectually and theologically one may understand that a soul never dies; that death is only the beginning of a new life on a different plane. One might understand that those who truly live are not afraid to die, because the end of something is only frightening for one who never owned it in the first place.
  
  Philosophically this may work. But emotionally and experientially, the mitzvah of the "red cow" remains the quintessential mystery of life and Judaism. The mitzvah that we must march forward with life, optimism, and faith is one that we are committed to with every fiber of our being; but one that is accompanied by a very real and deep question mark.
  
  Even G-d Himself remained silent after Moses' cry, "How shall he become pure?!" Only later would G-d present to Moses a path for rejuvenation. Why?
  
  G-d's silence was in itself an answer. G-d was saying that the appropriate response to loss was silence, for there is something about death that is forever inexplicable and could never be integrated. A gap between the mind and the heart was expected and normal. All the explanations in the world and beyond, could not eliminate the devastation, the tears, the pain, the shock, and the grief.
  
  The first and primary answer to death, G-d was telling Moses, is that there is no answer. In a very vulnerable way, G-d was embracing the human truth that death can never find a comfortable space in our hearts. (11)

  1) Ecclesiastes 7:23.
  2) Tanchumah ibid; Peskitah Rabsi Parshas Parah; Bamidbar Rabah 19:3; Koheles Rabah 7:23.
  3) This is why the opening words of the portion read (1): "G-d spoke to Moses and Aaron saying, 'This [the ritual of the red heifer] is the decree of the Torah" (Numbers 19:1-2). A decree represents a commandment that transcends human logic and understanding. The fact that the Bible uses here the term "this is the decree of the Torah" indicates that this mitzvah is indeed the quintessential "decree of the Torah," transcending the human cognitive constructs par excellence(See Midrash Tanchumah to this Parsah sections 7-8; Bamidbar Rabah 19:4; Rashi to Numbers 19:2).
  4) In the above Midrashim a paradox concerning this mitzvah is pointed out: The ashes of the red cow purify people who had come contaminated, yet those who engage in its preparation become contaminated. However, it seems clear from the Midrashim that this represents just one more detail in the mystery of the mitzvah, but does not encapsulate its entire enigma.
  5)  Found in all Midrashim mentioned in footnote #3. The final chunk of the story, the last exchange between G-d and Moses, is found in Koheles Rabah ibid.
  6) See, for example, Leviticus 11:8; 26-28. The two portions of Tazria and Metzorah (Leviticus chapters 12-15) are fraught with examples of this pattern, in which G-d relates the method of purification immediately following the method of contamination.
  7) Leviticus chapter 21.
  8) See Exodus 34: 29-35.
  9) They are documented in the opening chapter of Toras Kohanim and are recited each day before the morning prayers.
  9*) See Talmud Soteh 17. Cf. Tikunei Zohar Tikun 5 and Tikun 10, that the ring of Kidushin placed on her finger is similar to Tefilin. This is one of the few Zohar’s quoted in the Code of Jewish law as the reason we use a ring to effect the marriage (Rama Even Haezer 27:1).
  10) The verses in which G-d discusses the ritual impurity through contact with human corpses (Leviticus chapter 21), deal with attending the funeral of one of the seven close relatives, parents, siblings, children, and spouses.
  11) This essay is based on an address by the Lubavitcher Rebbe, 21 Adar 5748, March 10, 1988. It was the thirtieth day after the passing of his wife, Rebbetzin Chayah Mushkah Schneerson. It was published, partially, in Sefer Hasichos 5748 vol. 2 pp. 306-319. Some nuanced ideas and expressions that were not published in print, I adopted from the actual tape recording of the Rebbe's address in Yiddish. The symbolism behind the ash-water mixture, I culled from Letorah U'Lemoadim by the great Jerusalem scholar and author Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin (d. in 1977) Parshas Chukas. The idea is based on the writings of Rabbi Schnuer Zalman of Liadi, See Likkutei Torah and Or Hatorah Chukas; Sefer Halikkutim Tzemach Tzedek under the entry of Parah Adumah.

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